Theocritus' Idyll XXIX, a love poem from a man to a boy, includes a phrase addressing their future: "ἀλλάλοισι πελώμεθ' Ἀχιλλέιοι φίλοι" ( alláloisi pelómeth' Achilléioi fíloi). After Homer's iteration, the relationship between the men was depicted as a love affair. In Homer's Iliad, Achilles described Patroclus as being the "man I loved beyond all other comrades, loved as my own life." Their relationship plays a crucial part in the story.
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In relation to sexuality, Achilles had a relationship with another character, Patroclus, which is said to have romantic connotations. Community HistoryĪchilles himself is a famous figure in Greek mythology. Its 21st century use to describe sexualities is modelled after the term " sapphic", which is used to describe all women who are attracted to women. In a separate opinion, Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote: "Under the Constitution, a government may not treat religious persons, religious organizations, or religious speech as second-class.The term "achillean" refers to the Greek hero Achilles. "While the historical practice of flag flying at government buildings favors Boston, the city's lack of meaningful involvement in the selection of flags or the crafting of their messages leads us to classify the flag raisings as private, not government, speech - though nothing prevents Boston from changing its policies going forward," he said.
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As a result, the city's refusal to let Shurtleff and Camp Constitution fly their flag amounted to impermissible viewpoint discrimination in violation of their free speech rights. In his opinion, Breyer wrote the case turned on whether Boston's flag-raising program expressed government speech, and the court concluded that it did not.
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Circuit Court Appeals affirmed the trial court's decision, after which Shurtleff and Camp Constitution appealed to the Supreme Court. A federal district court ruled in favor of the city, finding that flying private groups' flags from City Hall was government speech, and the city acted within its authority in rejecting Shurtleff's request. Shurtleff and Camp Constitution then sued, arguing the city's refusal to allow them to raise their flag violated their free speech rights. Between 20, the city approved an estimated 50 unique flags that were flown at 284 ceremonies.īoston did not deny a request to raise a flag until 2017, when Shurtleff asked to hold a flag-raising ceremony at City Hall Plaza to "commemorate the civic and social contributions of the Christian community" and raise a white flag that featured a red Latin cross set against a blue backdrop in the upper left corner, described as the Christian flag.īut the city denied Shurtleff's request due to concerns that displaying a religious flag outside of City Hall would violate the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. Throughout the program, flags that have been displayed include those of other countries or flags marking Boston Pride Week.
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Since at least 2005, the city has allowed groups to hold flag-raising ceremonies on City Hall Plaza, during which participants can hoist a flag of their choosing on one of the three flagpoles that stand outside the entrance to City Hall. City of Boston, arose in 2017 when Shurtleff, director and founder of Camp Constitution, asked to fly what was characterized as the "Christian flag" outside of Boston City Hall.
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Justice Stephen Breyer delivered the opinion for the court, which sided 9-0 with activist Harold Shurtleff and Camp Constitution, a group whose mission is in part to "enhance understanding of our Judeo-Christian moral heritage," in the free speech dispute. Washington - The Supreme Court unanimously ruled Monday that the city of Boston violated the First Amendment when it rejected a request from a Christian civic organization to fly a flag bearing a cross on a flagpole outside of City Hall.